Australia’s tunnels among world’s worst: Report

A national report on road tunnel air quality has found that levels of toxins in Australian tunnels are much higher than international averages, reinforcing long-held concerns that the health of commuters and residents are at risk.

The report, released this month, was commissioned by the National Health and Medical Research Council in response to a request for health advice from the Australian Government Minister for Health and Aging.

It found that Sydney’s M5 East tunnel is one of the most polluted tunnels in the world and poses significant health risks for those using the tunnels, as well as residents. At four kilometres and carrying 100,000 vehicles per day, it was pinpointed as being particularly congested.

Average nitrogen dioxide concentrations in tunnels around the world were mostly around 50-150 parts per billion, however the M5 East recorded levels of over 200, the report states.

The report also found cause for concern over several pollutants including nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter. Recommendations include the development of a health-based exposure limit for NO2 and PM “as a precautionary interim measure.”

“This review found evidence suggesting that short-term exposure to NO2, PM and diesel exhaust particles in particular pose risks to health.”

It also stresses the increasingly evident need to effectively monitor and cut fine particulate matter, as there is evidence that levels and concentration of the pollutant are increasing.

“Particulate matter levels should be monitored with a view to reduction, as current levels in some tunnels in Australia are… clearly dangerous to health.”

“There is general agreement that ultrafine particles possess significant toxicity, but exposure limits have yet to be defined… the review found some studies suggesting that emissions and concentrations of particle numbers may be increasing.”

These pollutants are known to cause, or worsen, a string of health effects including asthma, heart attacks and cancer.

“Concentrations of NO2, which do or could arise in Australian tunnels present cause for concern. Within a tunnel, brief but intense exposures to NO2 and PM may aggravate asthma.”

“For people living near tunnel portals, particulates and NO2 exposure may be the most critical in terms of general health. If VOC (eg benzene) exposure is increased, then there will be an associated increase in the lifetime risk for cancer.”

It also stressed the need for more research and monitoring into tunnel air quality, an area in which information has often been hard to find.

“The interaction between road traffic pollutants, especially in terms of the effect on living tissue, remains a major area of uncertainty.”

The report also emphasized the difficulty of obtaining data about some Australian tunnels, which adds to the mistrust between the public and the tunnel operators.

“We would first like to comment on how difficult it was to obtain data about some Australian tunnels, especially where private operators were involved. In some cases this hindered our analysis. Such an approach to data management is unhelpful and contributed to the mistrust that has arisen in some cases between tunnel operators and relevant government agencies on the one hand, and the general public and concerned community groups on the other.”

A clear message has been sent to tunnel operators to start monitoring pollutants that have been, until this point, ignored, and to make information more accessible to the public in order to reduce mistrust.

Michael Daley, the Minister for Roads, said in a recent statement that work on the filtration project was "on track to be finished late next year" after work began in April.

"The construction of the filtration plant is just one component of the Government's air quality improvement plans for the M5 East," he said.

"The plan also includes a video detection system for illegal smoky trucks and 12 extra jet fans to improve ventilation, both of which are already operating."

18-11-2008

Kate Schneider

Pollution increases allergies, asthma, stroke risk

Ground-breaking new evidence shows that vehicular pollution increases the risk of asthma and allergies in children, and strokes in adults.

A key study shows that traffic-related pollution greatly increases the risk of developing allergies in childhood.

The research is a key step in further understanding the link between traffic pollution and childhood allergies. Previous studies linking pollution to allergies have not proved a consistent link, while the latest study provides clear evidence of how pollution damges health.

The study finds that the risk of developing asthma, eczema, hay fever or other allergies is a staggering fifty percent higher for children living 50m from a busy road, compared to those living one kilometer away.

Joachim Heinrich, Ph.D., of the German Research Center for Environment and Health at the Institute of Epidemiology, led the study and has expressed concern at the findings.

"[Children] living very close to a major road are likely to be exposed not only to a higher amount of traffic-derived particles and gases but also to a more freshly emitted aerosols which may be more toxic” Mr Heinrich wrote in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

The researchers studied 2,860 children at four years old and 3,061 at the age of six to investigate allergic sensitization and atopic diseases. The distance to the nearest main road was used as a surrogate for traffic-related air pollutants. A busy road was considered to be one used by 10,000 cars a day.

Parents filled out questionnaires about their child's respiratory diagnoses and symptoms. Their children were assessed for asthma, wheezing, sneezing and eczema. At six years of age, the children were tested for food allergies. Air was tested for particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide near high-traffic areas once each season between March 1999 and July 2000.

This study found a clear difference in the children's allergic development with relation to their proximity to a busy road.

“Strong positive associations were found between the distance to the nearest main road and asthmatic bronchitis, hay fever, eczema, and sensitization.” Mr Heinrich wrote.

Another study from May 2008 backs up this study’s findings that pollution can cause asthma. Scientists have found that free radical pollution in the air could damage amino acids, the building blocks for proteins in the body, ultimately causing asthma. Research indicates that the nitrate radical reacts with amino acids to form compounds such as beta-nitrate esters, beta-carbonyl, and aromatic nitro-compounds. Researchers state that some of these compounds have been associated with increased immune response in some respiratory diseases, thereby worsening symptoms.

"Our results suggest that the nitrate radical could be a real culprit for respiratory diseases, yet until this study the nitrate radical has been previously entirely overlooked in regard to causes for diseases such as asthma," says researcher Ms Duanne Sigmund from the University of Melbourne with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology.

Meanwhile, another recent study has found that the risk of stroke may be increased even by low pollutant levels, and call for fine particulate matter standards to be reassessed

Researchers studied the effects of air pollution in a community in Texas where there is a large petroleum and petrochemical industry. Their findings support the hypotheses that recent exposure to fine particulate matter may increase the risk of ischemic cerebrovascular event. They also found experimental evidence that particulate air pollution is associated with acute artery vasoconstriction and with increases in plasma viscosity (thickening of the blood) which may enhance the potential for blood clots, although this requires further study.

“While our observed association between PM2.5 and stroke/TIA risk requires further study in additional regions in the US with varying types of climates and possibly with alternative study designs, it does call into question current standards for fine particulate matter and whether these standards are sufficient to protect the public with regard to stroke, our nation’s third leading cause of death,” the authors note.

These latest studies indicate that air pollution is causing a lot more damage to our health than previously thought.

15-6-2008

By Kate Schneider

The study

Atopic Diseases, Allergic Sensitization, and Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution in Children March 12, 2008 American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 177. pp. 1331-1337, (2008).

Objectives: To assess the relationship between individual-based exposure to traffic-related air pollutants and allergic disease outcomes in a prospective birth cohort study during the first 6 years of life.

Methods: We studied 2,860 children at the age of 4 years and 3,061 at the age of 6 years to investigate atopic diseases and allergic sensitization. Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5), PM2.5 absorbance, and long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was assessed at residential addresses using geographic information systems based regression models and air pollution measurements. The distance to the nearest main road was used as a surrogate for traffic-related air pollutants.

Measurements and main results: Strong positive associations were found between the distance to the nearest main road and asthmatic bronchitis, hay fever, eczema, and sensitization. A distance-dependent relationship could be identified, with the highest odds ratios (ORs) for children living less than 50 m from busy streets. For PM2.5 absorbance, statistically significant effects were found for asthmatic bronchitis (OR, 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.37), hay fever (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.11–2.27), and allergic sensitization to pollen (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.20–1.64). NO2 exposure was associated with eczema, whereas no association was found for allergic sensitization.

Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence for increased risk of atopic diseases and allergic sensitization when children are exposed to ambient particulate matter.

Epping Road 'tunnel funnel'

It's here folks - Epping Road has begun its metamorphosis from a three-laned road to a one-laned road. Cue the traffic chaos that has already begun. The situation is set to deteriorate as more people return to work.

The State Opposition has said that the changes in Sydney's north would force drivers to use the Lane Cove Tunnel.

Duncan Gay, Opposition roads spokesman told The Daily Telegraph that the changes would create a "tunnel funnel" as four out of the six lanes in total will be converted to bus lanes and cycleways. A good move for the environment, but not for those who need their car to commute.

Roadworks have already seen Epping Road gridlocked - in quiet times, too. Motorists are not happy.

"I can't believe the government can allow a company to blatantly force us to use the Lane Cove Tunnel," Says Shelly Meakin from Epping. "It's totally unacceptable and this is going to be absolute hell for people who won’t or can’t use the tunnel. I pity the poor residents too.

"There's just absolutely no reason to narrow the road from three lanes to one." Ms. Meakin said.

The Lane Cove Tunnel hasn't been experiencing anywhere near the projected car usage of 100,000 cars a day, but the changes to Epping Road are likely to increase these figures as motorists try to avoid long trips.

Epping Road's transformation is due for completion next month.

20-01-2008

By Kate Schneider

Your thoughts

I am really interested in hearing your feedback about this blog. I welcome your thoughts and opinions about the issues covered such as in-tunnel filtration and pollution.

There is no doubt pollution is having a detrimental impact on the health of Sydney residents. The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research is continuing to study the impact of the Lane Cove Tunnel on the respiratory health of residents. The findings will be interesting, especially considering Epping Road will soon be narrowed to one lane each direction, forcing traffic into the tunnel and pumping out more toxins into the air resident's breathe. Concern about unfiltered pollution will not die down until tunnel stacks are filtered.

Now over to you - do you think in-tunnel filtration is a necessity? Should Australia have better air quality standards and monitoring? Before reading this blog did you realise how dangerous the health-impacts of pollution are? Does it surprise you that twice as many Sydneysiders die from air pollution than car accidents? Does the public have enough information about these issues? What more could be done?

To have your opinions heard, please click on the comments link below.

‘World’s Best Practice’ not perfect

Did you know that twice as many people die from air pollution in Sydney than from road accidents?

This statistic, from the Australian Bureau of Regional Economics Report 2003, is just the tip of the iceberg in identifying the health impacts of pollution in Sydney.

If Australia has world’s best practice air quality standards and measurement, as argued by the government, then why are there so many deaths?

There is growing evidence that Australia’s air quality standards, measurements, and monitoring, crucial tools in minimizing the health impacts of pollution, are insufficient. There are currently no monitoring stations operating in Sydney’s Central Business District (CBD), and limited sampling of air quality. We currently do not have accurate information to determine the quality of the air we breathe and thus cannot effectively minimize health impacts. Additionally, Sydney’s increasing reliance on car use is offsetting any improvements that have been made in air quality recently.

Jeff Angel, Director of the Total Environment Centre New South Wales argues that it’s important for Australia to have world's best practice air quality standards "because our cities are so car-based and therefore we’re more prone to the risk of serious air pollution and ill health consequences… it’s important for Australia to move as fast as the more advanced countries, not be several years behind like we are currently."

Dr Ray Kearney, Professor of Infectious Diseases at the University of Sydney and Chairperson of Lane Cove Tunnel Action Group, is concerned that Australia’s air quality standards, set by the National Environment Protection Council and based on World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines, are not good enough. "The standards in heavily populated cities such as Sydney are inadequate", Dr Kearney said. "They are designed for interests of economic growth and not about minimizing health risk."

Mark Curran from Residents Against Polluting Stacks agrees that the standards are not protecting the community; "The standards appear to be predicated too much on what is achievable not what is desirable and seem also to be designed not to embarrass governments rather to produce the best outcomes". He believes that Australia is having trouble keeping up with the "explosive" growth of knowledge about the potential ill effects of pollution; "There seems to be complacency about the need for continuous improvement. More than half of the ill effects which occur in Australia are said to occur at levels lower than the NEPM (National Environment Protection Measures) standards."

CSIRO Deputy Chief of Air Science Dr Peter Manins also believes that there is room for improvement with air quality standards; "Perhaps the most obvious is a lack of success in regulating motor vehicle particle emissions. European practice is very effective and Australia is over four years behind".

Motor vehicles are a significant source of air pollution in urban areas, emitting dangerous pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and benzene into the environment.

Sydney accounts for 40 per cent of pollution deaths and illnesses in Australia each year, according to the Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics study 2005 (p.90). Pollution is prematurely killing as many as 2000 Australians each year, causing 2000 asthma attacks, 4500 cases of cardio-vascular and respiratory diseases and bronchitis, and 4500 hospital admissions each year. This costs Sydney over $1 billion every year, and the figure is rising.

As Mr. Angel says; "The health effects of air pollution on the elderly, the young and those with respiratory problems have been an enduring problem for Sydney".

Numerous studies have linked vehicle pollution with poor health. Short term exposure to pollution can cause asthma attacks, headaches, nausea, coughing, wheezing, dizziness, chest pain and eye irritation. Long-term exposure can cause respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease, anaemia, leukaemia, hypertension, pneumonia, lung cancer, increased risk of hospitalisation and premature death (Pope et al. 2002; Nafstad et al. 2004). Health department research in Sydney during 2005 also supported international findings that women living in highly-polluted areas give birth to smaller babies.

There are many more hidden cases of health impacts due to the difficulty in determining whether illnesses can be directly attributed to pollution. Mr. Curran argues that this is a major part of the problem as "most impacts are delayed and insidious".

Although pollution affects everyone, a significant and growing proportion of Sydney’s population is considered at risk of dangerous health impacts from pollution. At risk groups include unborn babies, children, the elderly, asthmatics, those with cancer or pre-existing heart or lung disease, the immunologically compromised and those near busy roads or tunnel stacks. The number of people at risk is growing due to Australia’s aging and increasing population, and the increasing number of asthmatics, of which Australia currently rates second highest in the world at 12 per cent.

Electrical Engineer William Paniagua is an asthma suffer from Sydney whose health has been deteriorating as pollution rises; "Pollution is giving me worse asthma, and often makes me feel nauseous. I notice that my health improves dramatically when I travel away from Sydney to the country."

Professor Guy Marks, Head of the Epidemiology Group at the Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, is currently conducting research into how pollution affect’s children’s health and argues that health impacts from pollution are alarming. "There is fairly consistent evidence that traffic-related air pollutants have quantifiable adverse effects on respiratory and cardiovascular health," Professor Marks said. "More worrying, but less certain, are the longer term effects. There is emerging evidence from international studies that prolonged exposure to traffic-related pollutants has an impact on growth in lung function in children and on the risk of being diagnosed with asthma."

Action needs to be taken as soon as possible to minimize these health impacts, as the Department of Environment's air monitoring system shows that pollution is on the rise. For the six months to March this year the number of days with pollution above acceptable levels was 25 per cent higher than 2005-06. Additionally, Sydney has smog levels almost 10 times those of other Australian cities, according to a National Environment Protection Council report. Air pollution last summer was 75 per cent worse than the previous year, warning of worse pollution to come.

This increase in pollution is partly due to the fact that Sydney is becoming increasingly car reliant. According to the Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA), vehicle kilometres traveled through Sydney are increasing at twice the rate of the population. This concerns Mr. Angel who argues that car use needs to be reduced to improve air quality. "As car use increases and congestion increases you tend to neutralize air pollution gains made with the new generation of emission controls," he said. "If traffic and congestion increases you’ll have a compensating increase in the other pollutants."

There has been ongoing debate about how best to measure vehicle pollution. Currently there are no nationally consistent ambient air quality standards for vehicle pollution in Australia (see p.5) and monitoring has been limited (see p.27). We have flexible standards with no date by when levels have to be complied with.

Fine particles cover the windscreen of the car while travelling through Sydney's tunnels.

The main pollutant of concern at the moment is fine particles, PM2.5s, emitted through vehicle exhausts, of which current standards and monitoring is insufficient. The focus had been on the larger particles, PM10s, however recent research has strongly identified PM2.5s as more dangerous then PM10s.

Particles are classified in three groups: larger particles called PM10s, fine particles called PM2.5s, and ultra-fine particles PM0.1s. Fine particles, PM2.5s, can lodge deep into the lungs, causing asthma attacks, acute bronchitis, coughing, phlegm, irritation of eyes and upper airways and increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. Long-term exposures have been associated with heart attacks, cancer, reduced lung function and the development of chronic bronchitis, and premature death. Hospital admissions of elderly people with cardiovascular disease increase by 10 per cent on days of high particle pollution in Sydney (Jalaludin and Morgan, et al. 2005).

It’s crucial to measure fine particles accurately as there appears to be no level below which effects disappear, as argued by Dr Kearney; "There is no level of particles that can be regarded as safe. This means that people are being killed by air pollution levels well within existing National Air-Quality Standards. Mere compliance with National standards does not protect the public."

Dr Manins is also concerned about the health impacts of fine particles. "The real problem with fine particles is that we seem to have recently established that they can lead to long-term deaths with high concentrations, and also to short-term deaths. They get you at both ends of the spectrum."

CSIRO Atmospheric Research Scientist Dr Melita Keywood argues that fine particles are deadly; "There is a really strong correlation between particle pollution, or the level of pollution, particles in the atmosphere, and the rates of death in the population".

Experts are concerned that Australia is not measuring fine particles correctly. "We should be changing our focus to PM2.5, not just PM10," argues Chris Winder, Professor of Applied Toxicology School of Safety Science at the University of New South Wales.

Lee Rhiannon from the Greens is also concerned, "Australia’s air quality standards falls down in regard to particulate matter. We are not measuring fine particles correctly."

There is also concern that the measurements are focused on the wrong pollutant. Current monitoring bases measurement of fine particles through the measurement of large particles, PM10s. However a recent study by Professor Lidia Morawska (et al 2004) found that PM10 is irrelevant to vehicle emissions as it’s not a measure of what comes out of vehicle exhausts but results from mechanical processes such as the wear and tear of tyres.

Professor Morawska also argues that our current system of measuring particles by weight is inappropriate for determining health risk; "The primary determinant of the effect of ultrafine particles is their number and their surface area and not the weight of particles present. This means that the traditional use of PM weight measures is inappropriate in evaluation of the likely biological effects of ultrafine particles."

The elderly are particularly at risk of health impacts from pollution

The larger particles, PM10s, still remain a concern. The World Health Organisation (WHO), on which Australian standards are based, recently called for a reduction in PM10 to 20µg/cm, levels that are regularly exceed in many areas of Sydney. However, actions to reduce PM10s can increase the number of smaller PM2.5 particles. Mr. Curran and Dr Kearney argue that an example of this is that improved diesel engines haven’t reduced the number of particles and have instead made them more harmful. "Better diesel engines haven't reduced the number of particles, just made them smaller and more harmful. Weight for weight, diesel is becoming more harmful, though there is less of it. That's why people are getting sick but there's nothing obvious in the monitoring to show why" Mr. Curran said.

"The problem with the Euro standards is that they relate to PM10 and actions to reduce PM10 levels in exhaust leads to increased numbers of much smaller particles. The overall impact may be that diesel exhaust-per-vehicle may become more harmful with full compliance with the EURO rules," Dr Kearney said.

Concern has also been expressed about the pollutants benzene and butadiene, which are linked to a range of health problems including the suppression of bone marrow, anaemia, respiratory illnesses and cancer. A recent NSW Environmental Protection Agency study measured over 80 air toxic compounds and declared benzene, 1,3-butadiene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as the compounds of most concern for Sydney.

While WHO warns that no safe level of benzene can be recommended, our recently implemented standard for benzene is three times less stringent than in the United Kingdom. Although Professor Donald White, Chairperson of the Nature Conservation Council NSW and an Adjunct Associate Professor of Engineering at the University of Sydney argues that benzene limits are "reasonable", Mrs. Rhiannon, Dr Manins and Mr. Angel argue that benzene emissions need to be limited as it can cause cancer.

"As it is carcinogenic benzene clearly needs to be limited more than it is" said Mrs. Rhiannon.

Dr Manins agrees that we should have stricter limits for benzene as "benzene is a known carcinogen and needs to be managed. Australia has a reporting standard for benzene. This needs to be converted to a regulation standard and tightened. Some countries have much stricter limits than apply here."

Mr. Angel agrees; "If industry says the cost of getting lead out of petrol is more benzene we should push the industry to do better."

Professor Winder argues that the main problem with standards for PAHs such as butadiene is that the Commonwealth can't get agreement. As Dr. Manins argues, this is because measuring air toxics (also referred to as air toxins) is difficult. Mr. Curran agrees; "There are real technical difficulties in real time monitoring mainly because they are so dilute. This means that source identification is difficult."

Thus we are left with no measurement or standards for butadiene, which is dangerous. As Dr Kearney argues; "None of the carcinogenic PAHs are routinely measured. Is this to prevent litigation by persons affected by such toxins?" Mrs. Rhiannon asserts that it’s "extremely dangerous" not to measure these air toxics, "We are calling it the asbestos of the 21st century"

Monitoring remains a problem. Sydney Lord Mayor Clover Moore has expressed concern about the lack of monitoring sites operating in Sydney’s Central Business District. She argues that monitoring of the CBD is crucial in order to gain accurate information about the quality of Sydney’s air. This is important as concentrated levels of toxins are being emitted in the air, particularly in the inner city, damaging the health of Sydney residents.


The NSW Asthma Foundation is also concerned at the lack of monitoring in the CBD and also that the monitoring equipment used in other parts of the city is only capable of registering PM10. "While pollution levels in the Sydney Basin may not be high by international standards, the same patterns of ill health, high health costs and fatalities are already evident and will continue to rise, unless urgent remedial action is taken," Ms. Mimi John-Austen said in their recent submission to the health inquiry.

Also worrying is the Total Environment Centre’s finding that the Department of Environment and Conservation’s sampling levels dropped from 1500 to 450 in 2004, thus reducing the accuracy and veracity of air pollutant data. The NSW Audit Office is reviewing this.

Additionally, there is currently a review of the NEPM's with strong support for many changes.

What more needs to be done?

Dr Manins argues that accurate measurement is crucial to identify problems early; "The need is more of maintaining adequate surveillance of the pollutants to catch issues before they become serious."

We need monitoring stations in the CBD, strict standards for fine particles, benzene, butadiene, and other air toxics. We also need improved public transport services, and the adoption of cleaner fuels by replacing diesel and petrol with clean renewable fuels such as ethanol, biodiesel, hydrogen, LPG or electric.

We also need a nation-wide approach with strict guidelines and enforcement. Dr Kearney argues that "The standards that are set nationally (NEPM's) are left to the State jurisdictions to interpret and apply. This must not happen."

Gladys Berejiklian MP, Member for Willoughby says "We definitely need to be constantly vigilant about improving air quality in Sydney. There needs to be a holistic approach to this very important issue."

Professor Winder highlights the importance of quick action from the government "I strongly feel that over 11 years of backpedaling on the environment by the Commonwealth government has made things much worse than they could have been."

The NSW Government declined to comment.

The Hon Robyn Parker MLC, Chair of the committee into the health impacts of air pollution in the Sydney basin last year, identified several problems with Sydney's air quality monitoring. "Despite evidence that air pollution has improved over the last 30 years, these improvements are offset by Sydney’s growing population… An increasing reliance on private motor vehicles, made worse by inadequate public transport infrastructure, is also a major challenge…

"The NSW Government’s closure of air quality monitoring stations and the cessation of air toxics monitoring is unacceptable, and the Committee has recommended that monitoring stations be reinstated," she continued. "The public are entitled to be aware of the quality of the air they breathe, and at present, they are being denied this vital information."

It is crucial for accurate information to be available about Australia’s air quality in order to effectively determine how to reduce the damaging health impacts of pollution, especially in heavily populated cities like Sydney.

There is sufficient evidence to suggest that we need to be concerned about how pollution is affecting our health. Appropriate solutions to the deficiencies in Australia’s air quality standards, monitoring and measurement need to be formulated immediately as thousands of people are suffering preventable and avoidable health impacts from pollution every year.

At the opening of the Lane Cove Tunnel in March residents voiced their concern about the quality of Sydney's air

By Kate Schneider

11-06-2007

Published in the July edition of Reportage

Hazardous pollutants and their effects

The most important air quality issue for non-metropolitan areas of Australia is airborne particles (Manins et al. 2001). Particles have also been linked to the deaths of up to 2,400 people a year in Australia, carrying an associated cost of $17.2b (EA 2001c).

We need to protect our picture perfect city from pollution. Photo: Sophie Schneider

People at risk

- Residents close to sources of pollution Effects include sensory irritation and respiratory effects based on exposure to pollution, and toxic effects dependent the individual or interactive effects of exposure to specific pollutants.
- Children & infants There are higher rates of leukaemia in children living near busy roads.
- Asthmatics People with respiratory sensitisation and allergy are more prone to respond to environmental pollution. They are also likely to respond to lower levels of exposure. Effects would be increasing incidence of asthma, and increasing severity of asthma when it arises.
- People with respiratory diseases especially bronchitis and emphysema. Effects would be increasing incidence of respiratory problems, and increasing severity of respiratory problems when it arises, perhaps leading to death.
- The immunologically compromised as they have no defence system.
- The elderly The ability of people to builogically respond to chemical exposures both decrease with age and decrease with increasing body burden of chemicals bioaccumulated in life.

Source: Associate Professor in Applied Toxicology Chris Winder's answers to Inquiry into the health impacts of air pollution in the Sydney basin.

Public transport systems need to be improved to reduce pollution levels

Sources

- Jeff Angel, Director of the Total Environment Centre NSW

- Dr Peter Manins, CSIRO Deputy Chief of Air Science, Victoria

- Dr Ray Kearney, Professor of Infectious Diseases at the University of Sydney, and Chairperson of the Lane Cove Tunnel Action Group

- Dr Melita Keywood, CSIRO Atmospheric Research Scientist

- Mark Curran, Residents Against Polluting Stacks representative and former professional officer in Sydney University's school of biological sciences
- Professor Lidia Morawska, PhD, Director School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- Professor Donald White, Chairperson of the Nature Conservation Council NSW and an Adjunct A/Professor of Engineering at the University of Sydney

- Professor Guy Marks, Head of the Epidemiology Group at the Woolcock Institute of Medical Research NSW
- Professor Chris Winder BA (Hons), Professor of Applied Toxicology School of Safety Science

- Clover Moore MP, Sydney Lord Mayor
- Lee Rhiannon MLC, The Greens

- Gladys Berejiklian MP, Member for Willoughby

- William Paniagua, Electrical Engineer and asthma sufferer from Sydney

Documents

RASP - Current State of Air Pollution in Sydney

Diagram of how fine particle pollution damages lungs

Dr Morawska's study into health impact of living near a main road

Dr Morawska's study into emissions from spark engines

Particulate matter and heart rate variability

Link to cardiovascular disease

Link to cardiovascular diseases in short term

Impact on women's heart rate

Links

Parliamentary Inquiry 'Health impacts of air pollution in the Sydney Basin'

Current study on impacts of pollution on children

Action for Air

Health costs of air pollution in Sydney

NEPM Air Quality Plan 2001

EPA Ambient Air Quality Research Project (1996–2001)

NSW Department of Health 'Air pollution and health'

Dr Ray Kearney, the University of Sydney, Submission to Buifuels Taskforce 2005

Dr Kearney - Health Impacts of Pollution

WHO 2006 study finding a quarter of all disease caused by environmental exposure

WHO Fact Sheet - air quality findings

WHO challenges world to reduce pollution

Asthma and pollution

National Pollutant Inventory

Articles 2007

Cars blamed for drop in air quality in Sydney

US publication on commuter exposure to pollutants

Pollution linked to breast cancer

Pollution makes cancer China's top killer (23 per cent of all deaths)

US must regulate pollution - 12 State ruling

Earlier Articles

Car fumes driving us to early grave

Tunnel emergency warnings lost in stacks of pollution?

Sam Finch is a young child living in the Lane Cove precinct. One of his most telling comments about the danger of living near the Lane Cove Tunnel ventilation stacks was;

“We can get sick”.

Sam fears that unfiltered vehicle pollution will harm his community’s health. The Lane Cove Tunnel’s stacks are located near his school and home. In an emergency such as a fire in the tunnel, the stacks may pump out toxic fumes into the air he and many other residents breathe.

This could have devastating consequences and huge health impacts, yet there are no well-publicised emergency plans for communities near the tunnel’s stacks.

As a child Sam is considered at high risk of health problems caused by vehicle emissions. Asthmatics, the elderly, and those with cancer are also particularly at risk from pollution, which can have a devastating impact on a significant proportion of the community. This was proven by Dockery and Pope’s 1996 ‘Six Cities' study which associated increases in particulate matter, found in pollution from vehicle emissions and pumped out through tunnel stacks, with increases in mortality and hospital admissions. Many other studies have found that pollution harms health.

High concentrations of pollution threatened Melbourne’s Burnley community after a recent tunnel accident which killed three people. A fire ignited inside the tunnel, forcing the evacuation of motorists and pouring black smoke out of the tunnel’s stack.

This incident drew attention to tunnel safety procedures. However the focus has been on trapped motorists with little attention to the impact this smoke could have on people like Sam who live near the tunnel’s exhaust stacks and portals.

The Burnley tunnel has a similar ventilation system and design to the Lane Cove Tunnel, which has recently opened amid community concern that unfiltered pollution from the stacks causes health problems.

Elizabeth Court from Mums and Dads Against Stacks (MAD AS) has raised concerns about the location of the Lane Cove Tunnel’s stacks, which are situated in densely populated areas close to 58 primary schools and Royal North Shore Hospital. Pollution from the Lane Cove Tunnel stacks can travel in a two kilometer radius, affecting many.

Connector Motorways, the company that built and operate the Lane Cove Tunnel, the Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA), and Peter Manins, CSIRO’s Chief Research Scientist for Marine and Atmospheric Research, have deflected community concerns by insisting that pollution from stacks is expelled high in the air and diluted.

Connector Motorway’s Chief Executive Officer Ian Hunt said the tunnel’s ventilation system involves “drawing very large quantities of air into the tunnel and diluting the pollution that is generated with that air and then expelling them through the ventilation stations (stacks).”

However, Dr Ray Kearney, Lane Cove Tunnel Action Group Chairman and Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases and Immunology at Sydney University, and John Lee, Director of Major Projects from the Lane Cove Council, are concerned that photographs showing the Burnley tunnel stack pumping out black smoke in various directions prove that tunnel emissions don’t dissipate high up in the air.

Dr Kearney argues that ground strikes of plumes are common, which means that the flow of toxic emissions can hit residential buildings. “Dispersion from stacks is not straight up into the strato-atmosphere to disappear from sight. That is what the NSW RTA would have us believe. According to wind direction and strength, the plume rolls down to earth causing ground-strike and potential harm as the (Burnley tunnel accident) photos illustrated.”

John Lee agrees that the community should be concerned. “The Melbourne tunnel fire is a good example that the pollution isn’t going up in to the atmosphere.”

Mr. Hunt recognises the unpredictable nature of plume movement. “What happens when it comes out of the stacks does depend very significantly on meteorologically.”

Thus it cannot be assumed that fumes from the stacks will go up into the air and dilute. This puts people near the tunnel stacks in danger, especially in the case of a tunnel fire.

Dr Kearney said that people exposed to the pollution from the Burnley tunnel fire would definitely be in danger.

“What was recorded coming out of the stack, after the tragic (Burnley) accident, was a mix of all kinds of combustible materials.” Dr Kearney said. “Fuel tanks ignited so all the toxic pollutants of fossil fuel would be present including particle matter, toxic vapours including benzene and scores of other toxic vapours, plus burning combustibles such as rubber and plastics... it’s toxic.”

However, Connector Motorways do not have emergency plans for those outside the tunnel despite having 17 incident management plans for incidents in the tunnel, and well-publicized procedures for motorists in emergency situations. This is also despite recommended Australasian fire safety guidelines.

Of particular concern was drawing the smoke out of the tunnel quickly, a lesson learnt from previous tragedies such as the 1999 Mont Blanc tunnel fire in Sweden. Many of the 42 people who died in the Sweden fire did so from smoke inhalation as the ventilation system kept pumping fumes into the tunnel.

Mr. Hunt said that in the event of a fire the Lane Cove Tunnel’s ventilation system could be operated to deflect smoke away from trapped people in the tunnel. In a recent emergency simulation in the Lane Cove Tunnel, Mr. Hunt said the smoke moved away quickly.

However, Mr. Hunt also recognises the consequences this may have outside the tunnel.

“Unfortunately in an emergency such as that (Burnley accident) there will be fire smoke which will go out in the atmosphere. But it will be short lived. The nature for instance of the Burnley fire is that the fire itself was all over and done with in a matter of minutes.”

It only takes a few minutes of highly concentrated pollution to trigger asthma attacks or other health problems, and as the smoke is pumped out quickly to aid those inside there is little time for a reaction on the outside.

The emergency procedures may also involve portal emissions. This puts people near the openings of the tunnel in danger as smoke may be expelled at ground level.

Yet there is no widely publicised or easily accessible community emergency plan for these situations. As Dr Kearney said; “Nobody in the precinct has been advised of any action to take.”

MAD AS organizer and mother Alex Burke is concerned about the impact the emissions could have on her children, especially her asthmatic son. “If there was any kind of discharge from the tunnel from an accident such as fire, I would remove him at once and evacuate the area, though I don't think anything formal is in place.”

Yet Mr. Hunt believes there’s no point planning for a situation where people outside the tunnel would be exposed to toxic smoke because there is such a small risk.

“There’s no current plans but that’s because the risk of that is so small that there’s no need for a contingency plan.” Mr. Hunt said.

The risk may be small but the potential health impacts of neglecting the risk could be devastating. It just happened in Melbourne, and with no reported hospitalisations, the situation could’ve been worse.

Enzo Valente from Yarra Council, which includes the Burnley area, said that there were no reports of health impacts from the fumes on this occasion.

"It is my understanding that the ventilation and exhaust system performed to design with the exhaust plume dispersed so that there was minimum affect on the Burnley residents." Mr Valente said.

Dr Kearney warns that “a similar tragedy can and will occur in the LCT”, and that potential health impacts are a very real threat.

We should be prepared. It needs to be part of a risk assessment.

Mr. Hunt also said that emergency services are responsible for the community in these situations, but there is confusion about which emergency service is responsible.

Danielle Beh, a spokeswoman from NSW Health, said the in the event of a fire or smoke event from a road tunnel is determined according to the usual emergency response procedures, under the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act.

“In these circumstances the local health service functional area coordinator is notified by the lead combat agency and implements any necessary public health measures.” Ms Beh said.

Still no information has come out about what these measures would be.

Linda, Department of Environment and Conservation Information Officer, said that the NSW Fire Brigades are responsible for protecting the population from hazardous materials incidents. “If an evacuation is required due to toxic fumes, NSW Fire Brigades manage this.”

However, NSW Fire Brigades spokesperson Bernie Cinders said that the NSW Health Department is responsible.

“If they (NSW Health) decide evacuations are necessary, these would be managed by the NSW Police.” Mr. Cinders said. “The NSW Fire Brigades’ role involves detailed response plans developed between us, tunnel builders and operators to ensure that all necessary response protocols and actions occur in order to ensure the coordinated emergency management of any incident.”

Then why are there no response plans developed with the tunnel operators, and where does that leave the community in these situations?

Currently there are two main ways that the community could find out about dangerous levels of pollution, other than observing obvious clouds of smoke. They could check Connector Motorway’s website for air monitoring readings, but they would find already existing readings, by which stage people may already be affected. This is inadequate in emergency situations as many people don’t have access to the internet. You would also have to know what the levels mean, as it doesn’t specify when pollution levels are high.

In the event of an air quality reading exceeding set limits Connector Motorways are required to notify the air quality committee, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Planning and the RTA. But this process takes time.

The other way the public could find out is through emergency services who respond, assess and notify, which also takes time. How can they notify everyone quickly, especially those at risk, without a well-developed plan involving the community and tunnel operators?

Evidently residents near tunnel stacks have been neglected. Both the government and tunnel operators have a responsibility to protect the community. It is not acceptable that they have not sufficiently prepared for emergency situations.

By Kate Schneider

06-05-2007

The Forgotten - opinion piece

Concerns about the potential health impacts the Lane Cove Tunnel’s ventilation stacks may have on the community have been widely publicised. Open for less than two weeks, the Lane Cove Tunnel has already experienced its fair share of criticism, and rightly so.

The demand for in-tunnel filtration has remained at the political forefront in a string of recent protests organised by local action group Mums and Dads Against Stacks (MAD AS).

Alex Burke and Elizabeth Court from MAD AS have been vocal in their concerns about the location of the Lane Cove Tunnel’s stacks, which are situated in densely populated areas close to 58 primary schools and Royal North Shore Hospital. Asthmatics, children and the elderly are considered most at risk from pollution.

On the opening day of the tunnel MAD AS held a funeral for the loss of clean air.

Dani Finch, MAD AS treasurer, spoke passionately about their sorrow.

“From today fine particle pollution from which there is no safe level of exposure pumps out of stacks straight onto our homes, our workplaces our schools and our hospitals.” Mrs. Finch said. “From today we are at a greatly increased risk of asthma, cancer, heart attack. Our precious children are at much greater risk.”

The community have a right to be concerned.

As former NSW Opposition leader Peter Debnam recognized, this is an issue of public safety. We are not using world’s best practice in the construction of Australia’s tunnel ventilation systems despite countless studies linking vehicle pollution to poor health. Tunnel operators and the government should be working together to update the ventilation systems to safeguard community health.

Dr Ray Kearney, Lane Cove Tunnel Action Group Chairman and Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases and Immunology at Sydney University, points out that the Minister's Conditions of Approval for the tunnel allows up to14 tonnes of toxic particle matter and 156 tonnes of carcinogenic vapours to be dumped into the local atmosphere. There is no safe level for either the toxic particles or the VOCs.

“My position is that just as some churches have steeples as a symbol of spirituality, the NSW Carr and Iemma Governments has unfiltered smokestacks jutting up into the skyline as a perpetual symbol of immorality and unconscionable conduct.” Dr Kearney said.

However, there is another issue that has been overlooked and that could have potentially devastating consequences for the community.

The recent Burnley tunnel accident in Melbourne demonstrated the unpredictable nature of plume movement. Photographs showed black smoke, a result of the fire inside, pouring from the tunnel’s stack in many directions. This disproved Connector Motorways, the company that built and operate the Lane Cove Tunnel and the Roads and Traffic Authority’s insistence that pollution from stacks is expelled high in the air and diluted.

Instead, the movement of the stack’s emissions is dependent on factors such as wind direction and speed, which means that pollution can potentially hit residents’ homes and means that people near the tunnel stacks are in danger of breathing toxic air.

Connector Motorways CEO Ian Hunt

It doesn’t help that the community have not been informed of an emergency plan. The release of the smoke would happen so quickly that it is essential to have a plan. Yet Ian Hunt, Connector Motorway’s Chief Executive Officer, insists the risk of a tunnel fire putting the resident’s outside at risk is too small to account for.

Yet emergency procedures for motorists in the tunnel are extensive, so this doesn’t add up. A small but potentially devastating scenario should be accounted for in Connector Motorway’s risk management. Why isn’t it?

Locals have been forgotten. The government and tunnel operators have neglected their duty of care in more ways than one.

By Kate Schneider
Published in the Sydney Observer May Issue

Newsflash - Abbott orders probe into tunnel health risks

In recent news Federal Health Minister Tony Abbott has ordered the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) to research health impacts of tunnel pollution. This peak medical research body will investigate road tunnels amid fears that people's health has been put at risk by the states' response to population growth and traffic congestion.

Mr Abbott's decision comes amid vocal and ongoing concerns about the human toll of tunnel projects and the question over whether tougher regulation is needed.

As reported in the Australian, a spokeswoman said Mr Abbott's attention has been drawn to air quality concerns.

"I understand that Minister Abbott has received numerous expressions of concern about the issue of air quality around traffic tunnels in Sydney and Melbourne and sees it as his responsibility to ask Australia's peak medical research group to investigate," she said.

The NHMRC seeks to establish suitable exposure limits and possibly develop standards for air quality around tunnels. It has obtained initial data on levels of nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, sulphur dioxide, lead and particulate matter.

The CSIRO have previously revealed that emissions figures used by tunnel planners underestimated pollution levels. Sydney tunnels had emissions up to 100 per cent greater than estimated at the design phase.

Mr Abbott's announcement is welcomed by concerned Lane Cove Tunnel residents. It may provide people with much needed answers about the human impacts of tunnels, and may see future tunnels built to world's best practise standards using in-tunnel filtration.

The Lane Cove Tunnel is currently undergoing its first routine maintenance inspection this week. The westbound tunnel will be closed from 10pm to 5am Thursday. The eastbound tunnels will be closed from May 7 to May 10 from 10pm to 5am. This has caused some confusion as motorists are just getting used to the tunnel. There was a market police presense at the tunnel's east and west entrances yesterday.

By Kate Schneider

02-05-2007

Council continues push for filtration

Willoughby Council is planning further action in the push for tunnel filtration and the protection of resident's health.

Last week's council meeting ended in an agreement to request a report on the costs and processes of legal action that may arise due to the tunnel filtration issue.

As reported by the North Shore Times, Cr Stuart Coppock, who put forward the motion, said the report aimed to help action groups such as Mums and Dads Against Stacks (MAD AS) determine whether there is or will be a legal cause for action.

There have been many studies showing the negative health consequences of vehicle emissions that will be removed through tunnel stacks, affecting thousands of local residents in a two kilometre pollution zone.

However, general manager of the council, John Owen, has warned that it is not a first step towards the council pursuing a court challenge on behalf of local groups. It is simply for information gathering purposes in order to benefit the community and help clarify legal rights surrounding this issue.

The council will also appeal to Federal Opposition leader Kevin Rudd in its push for funding to filter the Lane Cove Tunnel. The State Government has given written assurance to Mayor Pat Reilly that it will pay half the cost of filtering the tunnel, on the condition that the Federal Government cover the other half. The undertaking has been confirmed by State Roads Minister Eric Roozendaal.

This development comes as Connector Motorways, the company that built and operates the Lane Cove Tunnel, announced Australia's first frequent driver package, where one in ten trips will be free.

The offer is valid only for motorists who open or switch to a Roam Express e-Tag. There is a limit of ten free trips in the first year.

Connector Motorways are enjoying the success of the tunnel, which has been cutting travel time. More than 75,000 motorists have used the tunnel each day since its opening, near Connector Motorway's target of 80,000 per day.

However, Epping Road is yet to be narrowed, which will increase congestion and driver frustration ouside the tunnel.

By Kate Schneider

19-04-2007

Opening of the Lane Cove Tunnel

On the 25th of March, the opening day of the Lane Cove Tunnel, a group of around 30 protesters dressed in black met at Reserve Road, Artarmon, to mourn what they consider the loss of clean air. MAD AS organizer Alex Burke led the protest, saying “we are holding a memorial service for the loss of clean air… It’s such a sad day for us.”

Not even the pouring rain could dampen MAD AS's determination to make their unhappiness known to tunnel operators and the public. Dani Finch, MAD AS treasurer, spoke passionately about their sorrow. “Members of the community have been strong and unified in their cries for sanity to prevail. Today we mourn that our efforts have been in vain. Today the Lane Cove Tunnel opens. And we the community of the lower North Shore are not smiling.


"From today fine particle pollution from which there is no safe level of exposure pumps out of stacks straight onto our homes, our workplaces our schools and our hospitals. From today we are at a greatly increased risk of asthma, cancer, heart attack. Our precious children are at much greater risk… MAD AS will not rest in peace until the Lane Cove Tunnel is filtered.”

Arizona Nicolls and Alex Burke.

Heads were then bowed in a minute’s silence. Arizona Nicholls, 11, held an 'RIP clean air' sign while ‘mourners’ laid flowers. She was one of few children present, in contrast to MAD AS's last rally at Deputy Premier Mr Watkins office in Ryde. This protest was considered too dangerous for children as it was held on the road-side. Indeed, protesters and the media spilled onto the road throughout most of the protest.

MAD AS member Elizabeth Court inspired the protestors as she circled the area in a hearse complete with a trailer carrying a coffin. Speaking through a loadspeaker, she emphasized that it’s not too late to filter the Lane Cove Tunnel. Several protesters followed in cars behind which were covered in posters demanding filtration.

After waiting until after 12:30 horns were sounded and people called for the tunnel to be opened. The tunnel was opened briefly and the first car, a black Saab, drove through the tunnel.

However it was closed again shortly afterwards, a towtruck blocking the Reserve Road entry. This mishap was due to confusion about when to open the tunnel. Poor communication between the tunnel operators had already been displayed. Many speculated that it was opened to get rid of the protesters and the cars who were sounding their horns.

The towtruck that blocked the intersection.

By Kate Schneider
25-03-2007

Newsflash - Burney Tunnel Fire

These are pictures courtesy of the Melbourne Age and the ABC after a multiple vehicle accident in the tunnel caused a fire which led to toxic fumes being pumped out of the tunnel's stack. It shows how stacks pump out pollution into the atmosphere all around, not just straight up, as has been argued.

Dr Kearney, chairman of the Lane Cove Tunnel Action Group (LCTAG) says "The smoke from this tragic fire is a clear indication of the distribution of smoke discharge from a ventilation stack, and raises concerns about 'groundstrike'."

John Lee, Director of Major Projects at Lane Cove Council, agrees that these photographs show pollution doesn't just dissipate up in the atromsphere. “We’re being sold that we shouldn’t worry about pollution as it goes up into the air. The Melbourne tunnel fire is a good example that the pollution isn’t going up in to the atmosphere.”

By Kate Schneider

23/03/2007